COPD is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease which affects the lungs and eventually the heart as well. The heart is not affected equally. The right side will start to fail due to high heart rate creating more pressure and swelling. As the heart rate increases the stroke input drops as does the cardiac output.
I being female ave 5 liters of blood to pump through my body. My heart beats approximately 80 times per minute. 5=80xSV. In doing the math my heart pumps 1.3 L every minute. So it takes 3.8 min for my heart to pump 5 L of blood.
Wednesday, May 6, 2009
Fetal Blood Flow
The fetus has 3 blood vessels in the umbilical cord, 2 arteries (Rt/Lt), and 1 vein. Oxygenated blood goes into the superior vena cava into the liver and filters the mothers blood partially deoxygenating the blood and puts it back into the suerior vena cava.
Rt. Atrium->Rt. Ventricle->Pul. SL valve->Pulmonary Trunk (aortic arch)->Pulmonary artery->Lungs
6-8 weeks into developing a whole in the babies heart forms called the foramen ovale. After birth the hole closes becoming the Fossa Ovalis.
It's weird to think that a mothers blood becomes the babies. Everything between the two are shared it seems. A mothers nutrients goes to the baby but even blood is shared until birth. My mother always says that I will always be a part of her. This brings a whole new meaning to it.
Rt. Atrium->Rt. Ventricle->Pul. SL valve->Pulmonary Trunk (aortic arch)->Pulmonary artery->Lungs
6-8 weeks into developing a whole in the babies heart forms called the foramen ovale. After birth the hole closes becoming the Fossa Ovalis.
It's weird to think that a mothers blood becomes the babies. Everything between the two are shared it seems. A mothers nutrients goes to the baby but even blood is shared until birth. My mother always says that I will always be a part of her. This brings a whole new meaning to it.
Digestive System
The digestive system is an open portal system that is surrounded by white blood cells. It consists of four layers:
1) Mucosa- made up of simple columnar epithelium and is avascualr and has Rugal Folds.
2) Submuosa- made up of dense irregular connective tissue, high collagen, and is vascular and has clusters of WBCs.
3) Muscularis- this layer is circular and long (kind of like a tooth paste tube in comparison) and has contractions of smooth muscle. These contractions are regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system by the vagus nerve which constricts first the circular muscularis then the longitudinal muscularis.
4) Serosa- the last layer is made up of areolar connective tissue which makes it elastic and is vascular.
All these layers work together and have their part in the process to get rid of toxins and help digest food. The contractions have to happen at certain times in both parts in order for things o happen and work correctly. I'm surprised to know how many layers and different things each layer does just to do become the function of the stomach.
1) Mucosa- made up of simple columnar epithelium and is avascualr and has Rugal Folds.
2) Submuosa- made up of dense irregular connective tissue, high collagen, and is vascular and has clusters of WBCs.
3) Muscularis- this layer is circular and long (kind of like a tooth paste tube in comparison) and has contractions of smooth muscle. These contractions are regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system by the vagus nerve which constricts first the circular muscularis then the longitudinal muscularis.
4) Serosa- the last layer is made up of areolar connective tissue which makes it elastic and is vascular.
All these layers work together and have their part in the process to get rid of toxins and help digest food. The contractions have to happen at certain times in both parts in order for things o happen and work correctly. I'm surprised to know how many layers and different things each layer does just to do become the function of the stomach.
Hemolytic Disease of Newborns
When a women is pregnant she is tested to find out if she is Rh+ or Rh-. This is important for the doctors to know because if the mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+ then there is a risk of the baby having Hemolytic Disease. This is when the mothers B-cells recognize an unknown particle (the babies Rh+ cells) and proceed to attack the foreign particles. This can be corrected by an injection administered to the mother to stop the B-cells from producing antibodies that could travel to the babies blood stream and destroy it's RBCs. If not corrected though it could result in a misscaraige due to O2 deprivation and distruction of the babies RBCs.
My mother had to have this done. When she was pregnant with me she had the test done and found out that she infact was Rh- and I was Rh+. She had the shot to prevent herself from having a misscairage which I am obviously very greatful for!
My mother had to have this done. When she was pregnant with me she had the test done and found out that she infact was Rh- and I was Rh+. She had the shot to prevent herself from having a misscairage which I am obviously very greatful for!
Blood Clotting
There are a number of cells in out body. One that falls into this category are platelets. These are essential to blood clotting. When you get a cut platelets stick to the vessels that have become injured creating a platelet plug as they all stick together. As this happens collagen allows the platelets to adhere to the surface releasing chemicals that helps heal the wound.
People with hemophilia though lack this factor. This is because they lack the protein needed for the clotting factor. Their blood is unable to clot which causes constant bleeding and more prone to infections. There is an injection that sometimes is available for people with hemophilia that has the clotting factor in it to help prevent this from happening.
People with hemophilia though lack this factor. This is because they lack the protein needed for the clotting factor. Their blood is unable to clot which causes constant bleeding and more prone to infections. There is an injection that sometimes is available for people with hemophilia that has the clotting factor in it to help prevent this from happening.
HPV
Cervical cancer is becoming more and more common in women no matter the age, and the immune system can't do it alone. To help correct that there is a shot given called Gardasil. Gardasil does not contain any of the HPV virus, but is made up of little particles. It stimulates the body to make antibodies to recognize and fight the HPV. This is because Gardasil gives the traits of HPV without actually containing it so that the body can make antibodies that recognize HPV. It proctects against four types of HPV. There does have to be enough antibodies in the blood when exposure happens. The antibodies stay in the body for a period of time. Multiple shots are given over a period of time to ensure that enough antibodies are made and remain in the body. A total of three shots are given.
My best friend has HPV and gets the Gardasil shot. I never understood before why there were three shots given compared to people who have, for example, breast cancer and go through months of chemo and radiation. That has since been cleared up for me in understanding how the immune system works with the shots. By the fact that the have traces or the same characteristics of the disease to make the body create antibodies to prevent the sickness.
My best friend has HPV and gets the Gardasil shot. I never understood before why there were three shots given compared to people who have, for example, breast cancer and go through months of chemo and radiation. That has since been cleared up for me in understanding how the immune system works with the shots. By the fact that the have traces or the same characteristics of the disease to make the body create antibodies to prevent the sickness.
Kidney Blood Flow
Our kidney's are a filtration center for urine and waste. It has it's own blood flow which goes as so: Renal a. branches-> Segmental a. branches-> Interlobar a. which branches up and out towards corter-> Arcuate a.-> Afferent arteolar->Glumerous-> Efferent arteolar-> Peritubular Capillaries/vasa recta-> (deoxygenated)-> Interlobular v.-> Arcuate v.-> Interlobar v.-> Renal v.
This is a major part of circulation but if there becomes a blockage between the Interlobar a. and Arcuate a. cells can die causing tissue damage and there will be no flow to the nephron/cortex of the kidney's because oxygenated cells aren't getting to the Kidney's. This results in dialisis treatments where the filtration is then done by a machine. I see this everyday working as a CNA. Many of our patients have these blockages and are then taken by us to their treatments so their Kidney's don't shut down.
This is a major part of circulation but if there becomes a blockage between the Interlobar a. and Arcuate a. cells can die causing tissue damage and there will be no flow to the nephron/cortex of the kidney's because oxygenated cells aren't getting to the Kidney's. This results in dialisis treatments where the filtration is then done by a machine. I see this everyday working as a CNA. Many of our patients have these blockages and are then taken by us to their treatments so their Kidney's don't shut down.
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