COPD is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease which affects the lungs and eventually the heart as well. The heart is not affected equally. The right side will start to fail due to high heart rate creating more pressure and swelling. As the heart rate increases the stroke input drops as does the cardiac output.
I being female ave 5 liters of blood to pump through my body. My heart beats approximately 80 times per minute. 5=80xSV. In doing the math my heart pumps 1.3 L every minute. So it takes 3.8 min for my heart to pump 5 L of blood.
Wednesday, May 6, 2009
Fetal Blood Flow
The fetus has 3 blood vessels in the umbilical cord, 2 arteries (Rt/Lt), and 1 vein. Oxygenated blood goes into the superior vena cava into the liver and filters the mothers blood partially deoxygenating the blood and puts it back into the suerior vena cava.
Rt. Atrium->Rt. Ventricle->Pul. SL valve->Pulmonary Trunk (aortic arch)->Pulmonary artery->Lungs
6-8 weeks into developing a whole in the babies heart forms called the foramen ovale. After birth the hole closes becoming the Fossa Ovalis.
It's weird to think that a mothers blood becomes the babies. Everything between the two are shared it seems. A mothers nutrients goes to the baby but even blood is shared until birth. My mother always says that I will always be a part of her. This brings a whole new meaning to it.
Rt. Atrium->Rt. Ventricle->Pul. SL valve->Pulmonary Trunk (aortic arch)->Pulmonary artery->Lungs
6-8 weeks into developing a whole in the babies heart forms called the foramen ovale. After birth the hole closes becoming the Fossa Ovalis.
It's weird to think that a mothers blood becomes the babies. Everything between the two are shared it seems. A mothers nutrients goes to the baby but even blood is shared until birth. My mother always says that I will always be a part of her. This brings a whole new meaning to it.
Digestive System
The digestive system is an open portal system that is surrounded by white blood cells. It consists of four layers:
1) Mucosa- made up of simple columnar epithelium and is avascualr and has Rugal Folds.
2) Submuosa- made up of dense irregular connective tissue, high collagen, and is vascular and has clusters of WBCs.
3) Muscularis- this layer is circular and long (kind of like a tooth paste tube in comparison) and has contractions of smooth muscle. These contractions are regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system by the vagus nerve which constricts first the circular muscularis then the longitudinal muscularis.
4) Serosa- the last layer is made up of areolar connective tissue which makes it elastic and is vascular.
All these layers work together and have their part in the process to get rid of toxins and help digest food. The contractions have to happen at certain times in both parts in order for things o happen and work correctly. I'm surprised to know how many layers and different things each layer does just to do become the function of the stomach.
1) Mucosa- made up of simple columnar epithelium and is avascualr and has Rugal Folds.
2) Submuosa- made up of dense irregular connective tissue, high collagen, and is vascular and has clusters of WBCs.
3) Muscularis- this layer is circular and long (kind of like a tooth paste tube in comparison) and has contractions of smooth muscle. These contractions are regulated by the parasympathetic nervous system by the vagus nerve which constricts first the circular muscularis then the longitudinal muscularis.
4) Serosa- the last layer is made up of areolar connective tissue which makes it elastic and is vascular.
All these layers work together and have their part in the process to get rid of toxins and help digest food. The contractions have to happen at certain times in both parts in order for things o happen and work correctly. I'm surprised to know how many layers and different things each layer does just to do become the function of the stomach.
Hemolytic Disease of Newborns
When a women is pregnant she is tested to find out if she is Rh+ or Rh-. This is important for the doctors to know because if the mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+ then there is a risk of the baby having Hemolytic Disease. This is when the mothers B-cells recognize an unknown particle (the babies Rh+ cells) and proceed to attack the foreign particles. This can be corrected by an injection administered to the mother to stop the B-cells from producing antibodies that could travel to the babies blood stream and destroy it's RBCs. If not corrected though it could result in a misscaraige due to O2 deprivation and distruction of the babies RBCs.
My mother had to have this done. When she was pregnant with me she had the test done and found out that she infact was Rh- and I was Rh+. She had the shot to prevent herself from having a misscairage which I am obviously very greatful for!
My mother had to have this done. When she was pregnant with me she had the test done and found out that she infact was Rh- and I was Rh+. She had the shot to prevent herself from having a misscairage which I am obviously very greatful for!
Blood Clotting
There are a number of cells in out body. One that falls into this category are platelets. These are essential to blood clotting. When you get a cut platelets stick to the vessels that have become injured creating a platelet plug as they all stick together. As this happens collagen allows the platelets to adhere to the surface releasing chemicals that helps heal the wound.
People with hemophilia though lack this factor. This is because they lack the protein needed for the clotting factor. Their blood is unable to clot which causes constant bleeding and more prone to infections. There is an injection that sometimes is available for people with hemophilia that has the clotting factor in it to help prevent this from happening.
People with hemophilia though lack this factor. This is because they lack the protein needed for the clotting factor. Their blood is unable to clot which causes constant bleeding and more prone to infections. There is an injection that sometimes is available for people with hemophilia that has the clotting factor in it to help prevent this from happening.
HPV
Cervical cancer is becoming more and more common in women no matter the age, and the immune system can't do it alone. To help correct that there is a shot given called Gardasil. Gardasil does not contain any of the HPV virus, but is made up of little particles. It stimulates the body to make antibodies to recognize and fight the HPV. This is because Gardasil gives the traits of HPV without actually containing it so that the body can make antibodies that recognize HPV. It proctects against four types of HPV. There does have to be enough antibodies in the blood when exposure happens. The antibodies stay in the body for a period of time. Multiple shots are given over a period of time to ensure that enough antibodies are made and remain in the body. A total of three shots are given.
My best friend has HPV and gets the Gardasil shot. I never understood before why there were three shots given compared to people who have, for example, breast cancer and go through months of chemo and radiation. That has since been cleared up for me in understanding how the immune system works with the shots. By the fact that the have traces or the same characteristics of the disease to make the body create antibodies to prevent the sickness.
My best friend has HPV and gets the Gardasil shot. I never understood before why there were three shots given compared to people who have, for example, breast cancer and go through months of chemo and radiation. That has since been cleared up for me in understanding how the immune system works with the shots. By the fact that the have traces or the same characteristics of the disease to make the body create antibodies to prevent the sickness.
Kidney Blood Flow
Our kidney's are a filtration center for urine and waste. It has it's own blood flow which goes as so: Renal a. branches-> Segmental a. branches-> Interlobar a. which branches up and out towards corter-> Arcuate a.-> Afferent arteolar->Glumerous-> Efferent arteolar-> Peritubular Capillaries/vasa recta-> (deoxygenated)-> Interlobular v.-> Arcuate v.-> Interlobar v.-> Renal v.
This is a major part of circulation but if there becomes a blockage between the Interlobar a. and Arcuate a. cells can die causing tissue damage and there will be no flow to the nephron/cortex of the kidney's because oxygenated cells aren't getting to the Kidney's. This results in dialisis treatments where the filtration is then done by a machine. I see this everyday working as a CNA. Many of our patients have these blockages and are then taken by us to their treatments so their Kidney's don't shut down.
This is a major part of circulation but if there becomes a blockage between the Interlobar a. and Arcuate a. cells can die causing tissue damage and there will be no flow to the nephron/cortex of the kidney's because oxygenated cells aren't getting to the Kidney's. This results in dialisis treatments where the filtration is then done by a machine. I see this everyday working as a CNA. Many of our patients have these blockages and are then taken by us to their treatments so their Kidney's don't shut down.
Tuesday, April 28, 2009
Lymph
The lymph system is where bacteria gets filtered. This happens with the help of B-cells. B-cells live in the lymph inactivated. Each B-cell recognizes a different type of bacteria, no two are alike. When that bacteria is detected the B-cell that "matches" it the B-cell then undergoes mitosis producing more of that specific B-cell. The lymph node becomes swollen as the B-cells attack the bacteria coming to that node.
This could not happen if someone was not able to move or doesn't move much. That is because lymph does not flow it gets pushed by the movement of muscle. As it gets pushed it gets filtered and then goes to the heart. If someone did not move the bacteria would stay and they would become prone to infection.
This could not happen if someone was not able to move or doesn't move much. That is because lymph does not flow it gets pushed by the movement of muscle. As it gets pushed it gets filtered and then goes to the heart. If someone did not move the bacteria would stay and they would become prone to infection.
Blood
Blood is different in people because of gender and age. Adult males have 6 liters of blood where adult women only have 5 liters. If women are pregnant though they have 6 liters due to the fetus blood. Adults red blood cells are hemoglobin proteins (2 alpha & 2 beta) which transport oxygen atoms (4). A fetus's red blood cells are also hemoglobin proteins but they do not have 2 alpha because they need to attract more O2 so it only has 2 beta.
Fetus blood is actually good for women who have sickle cell anemia. This is because fetus blood has more O2 which women who have sickle cell lack. The fetus and it's mother share blood so the mother there for gets the O2 that she needs.
Fetus blood is actually good for women who have sickle cell anemia. This is because fetus blood has more O2 which women who have sickle cell lack. The fetus and it's mother share blood so the mother there for gets the O2 that she needs.
Tuesday, March 17, 2009
Middle Layer of the Adrenal Cortex-Cortisone
The Adrenal Cortex produces steroids. The middle layer of it is called the Zona Fasicula which produces cortisone for long term fight/flight effect. Cortisone reduces the immune system so when the cortisone counts are high your immune system is low and at risk of you becoming sick. This is why when someone is taking diet pills and it says that it has "corto" in them you need to be very careful because it is not a safe way to loose weight because you run the risk of lowering you immune system and getting sick and that's causing you to loose weight in an unsafe manner.
There are two different ways for cortisone to be in your body either as a steroid or via shot. The shot after injection stays in place and don't move about because it is non polar compared to steroids which are not and therefor move around and flow about. The hormone shots are long term and can last about 10-14 days.
This particularly effects me because I have had cortisone shots injected into my knees because I have little tissue and cartilage in them so they are constantly under a lot of pressure and grinding. When I have the shots though I feel relief in my knees because the cortisone stays where it has been placed. I'm really glad I can have a better understanding about them and know exactly how it is effecting my body and why if my body makes cortisone that I still need the shots.
There are two different ways for cortisone to be in your body either as a steroid or via shot. The shot after injection stays in place and don't move about because it is non polar compared to steroids which are not and therefor move around and flow about. The hormone shots are long term and can last about 10-14 days.
This particularly effects me because I have had cortisone shots injected into my knees because I have little tissue and cartilage in them so they are constantly under a lot of pressure and grinding. When I have the shots though I feel relief in my knees because the cortisone stays where it has been placed. I'm really glad I can have a better understanding about them and know exactly how it is effecting my body and why if my body makes cortisone that I still need the shots.
Sunday, February 15, 2009
Cranial Nerves
There are 12 types of cranial nerves:
I Olfactory-smell
II Optic-vision
III Oculomotor-eyelid and eyeball movement
IV Trochlear-innervates superior obliqueturns eye downward and laterally
V Trigeminal-chewing face & mouth touch & pain
VI Abducens-turns eye laterally
VII Facial-controls most facial expressions secretion of tears & salivataste
VIII Vestibulocochlear(auditory)-hearing equillibrium sensation
IX Glossopharyngeal-taste senses carotid blood pressure
X Vagus-senses aortic blood pressure slows heart rate stimulates digestive organstaste
XI Spinal Accessory-controls trapezius & sternocleidomastoidcontrols swallowing movements
XII Hypoglossal-controls tongue movements
There are actually 13 nerves but only 12 cranial are recognized. They range from sensory, motor, or mixed. They stem from the spinal cord and the brain stem. Each with it's own function are important to our daily life and function.
If any of these were damaged it could be because of a stroke which would effect many of the nerves. One that would be most obvious would be the facial nerve. When a person has a stroke you can tell because the left side of their face is droopy and paralyzed because the facial nerve was damaged.
Monday, January 19, 2009
Nerves
There are many parts to the nerve. The major part is neuron #2: the gate is closed and N.T. binds with receptor creating a shape change (CRC) opening the gate. Positive ions move through (influx) of Na+. This is not a garantee to reach Action Potntial getting to -55 mr. If it does reach -55 mr in the Axon Hillick VRC is activated changing the shape yet again and channels open all at once. -55 mr then becomes -30 mr (peak of Na+) Action Potential. The going to Repolorization: shape change to K+ Efflux and flow slows and moves back out going to Hyperpolorization for a brief second goes past -70 mr and goes back to the resting state.
This seems very complicated but is really not. It's something that we go through everyday when we want to make a movement. These neurons stimulate other parts to move going from resting (not movig) to movement. I am a CNA and if I did not have the capability to do these things then I would be like many of my patients unable to move because neurons have been destroyed. Some f my patients have this problem because of too many drugs or an injury. This process is a part of every body.
This seems very complicated but is really not. It's something that we go through everyday when we want to make a movement. These neurons stimulate other parts to move going from resting (not movig) to movement. I am a CNA and if I did not have the capability to do these things then I would be like many of my patients unable to move because neurons have been destroyed. Some f my patients have this problem because of too many drugs or an injury. This process is a part of every body.
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